English (automated)
English
WEBVTT Kind: captions; Language: en
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So gonna talk about noun
phrases and determiners here.
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And once we get through
this PowerPoint, then we'll
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go look at the book little bit more.
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And as I said, your first home exam
is going to be assigned on Thursday.
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We'll do it then, instead
of today, but, and I'll push
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the due date back by
a couple days as well.
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OK, let's go on then onto
noun phrases some more.
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I'm going to try to make this screen
bigger for us so we can see things easier.
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OK, so let's do little
bit of review here.
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We know that lexeme is lexical item, so
basically what you would see in dictionary,
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that's what dictionaries are full of
lexical items, also known as words, right?
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But we want to be little bit
more specific because, umm, there's
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not good answer to the
question What is word?
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There's many good answers,
but we want to be more specific
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with with our our terminology.
Here.
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Alexium is going to be our smallest
unit in the meeting system of language
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that can be distinguished
from other similar units.
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It's abstract.
It can be realised through different forms.
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And so the lexine cat for
example, can be realised
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with cat, the singular cats the plural.
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And the reason we want to do
this is because there's not
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much difference between,
say, cat and cats.
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All the difference is that that one
of them signifies more than one cat.
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Like that.
Same thing for for verbs.
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You know, if we have the verb say for
example go, we might write the Lexim,
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you know, with the all caps or small caps
go and then that would signify the different
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forms of the verb can take based
on person and number agreement.
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So go and tense as well,
went, had, gone, goes,
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etcetera, right, these kinds of things.
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Because there's not really a
difference in meaning between
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these, you know the,
the core lexical meaning.
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There's just difference.
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We have to conjugate it different
ways based on its environment,
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based on where where it's used.
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So there's two different types
of of lexical meaning here.
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The 1st is the lexical the linguistic meanings
of our lexemes, our words, their sense.
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And this is what we what we find in
dictionary definitions, our senses.
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So dictionaries, you know they'll give
you the words something like like cat
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and then they'll give you different
senses for for the word cat and you can
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use you know with that with any word
they're going to give you the different
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senses, the different
quote unquote meanings.
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And then there's the capacity of words
or like seems to point to things outside
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of language itself so they're reference
cat for example can point to small 4
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legged animal that lives
with you that kind of thing.
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So, so it points to something that's outside
language, point to something in the real world
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or occasionally imaginary thing, something
like that, but it's outside language.
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So if we have, you know, the cat sitting
at the cat is on the table sniffing
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the coffee, well then we're using this
cat here, this, this piece of language
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to refer to something in the real world.
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And we call it, that's what
we call it, the reference.
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That's getting into little bit of
semantics there, which is going to come
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up later for us in our next lessons
next week and and later on when we talk
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about the meetings of
phrases and stuff like that.
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Umm, what?
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But we'll stick with noun phrases for
right now, and we'll think about that.
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There's different types of of determiners.
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You can see Module 47 or in
the other book, it's called Wow.
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I can't remember what they're
called, but basically Subsection
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47 and Downing and lock or Downing.
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The 3rd edition is just by Downing
there's different types of determiners.
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And this is something we
already know little bit of.
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We know that we have our articles, we
have the articles A and and we have the.
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We have what's called a
zero article in English.
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This is We have possessive pronouns,
we have demonstrative pronouns,
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quantifiers, all these kinds of things.
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So we've seen these before.
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Umm, the one that we use
with the noun phrase depends
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on certain things.
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It depends on whether we're
talking about whether we're
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using proper noun or common noun.
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It depends on how we
want to treat the noun.
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So do we treat it as
countable or non accountable?
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Think about the difference
between you know when you order.
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Well usually coffee is
something that's non countable.
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It's fine grained substance
and you can't really count coffee.
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But if you're at cafe, which is
something, you know, those things we used to
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go to back in the before times, then you
would order, you know, say if you were
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there with friend, you
would order two coffees, right?
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And then you're now you're
treating it as accountable because
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you're ordering basically 2 cups of coffee.
Similar thing for tea.
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Or maybe you take Do you
take sugar in your tea?
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So you take, you know, how
many sugars do you take?
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Sugar is something that's usually
uncountable but can be treated as accountable.
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And what it means is I'm
taking two spoonfuls of sugar or
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two cubes of sugar or something like that.
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We could also treat things as
identifiable or non identifiable.
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And so this is going to determine
which article we use for identifiable
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to either the the listener or
identifiable to both of us, the listener
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and may who's who's
given you the noun phrase.
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So these are going to determine whether
we use one type of determiner over another.
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So think about, for example, when
we talk about identifiable things.
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I think the previous examples that you
got in either English Linguistics or or.
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Exploring Grammar were or maybe Introduction
Language study where something like hmm,.
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I need new car, right?
Then these are semantically indefinite.
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I don't.
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I'm not thinking about one specific
car, we just need new car.
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Similarly, I need some hot chocolate.
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I'm not thinking about one specific cup
of hot chocolate, I just need generally hot
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chocolate mean non identifiable
here and semantically indefinite.
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So some hot chocolate.
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However, we could have something like the
Red House on the hill belongs to my friend.
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Now this is identifiable in the context.
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So the the context is going to fill
in the the the fact that there's
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Red House around or
there's this this Red House.
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And it's also semantically definite.
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So we're talking about
this particular Red House.
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We have certain house that
we're pointing to in the real world
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that that this noun
phrase is referring to.
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OK, so then we have what's
called unique reference, and
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unique reference is definite and specific.
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So this is some going on.
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What we learned in the last slide.
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Unique reference is for proper nouns, sometimes
common nouns that are refused, that are used
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to refer to single identifiable persons or
or entities, things like that like the sun or
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the moon, but also proper nouns
like the queen, proper nouns like.
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I think the example I gave you.
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You have to remind me if I gave you this
example, but I certainly have it in Word
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document in the on the Moodle page
for I believe it's for next class.
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But think about Barbie is proper noun,
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but often can be used to.
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So proper nouns shouldn't be
able to be plural, For example,
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they should always be
definite and specific.
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But with something like Barbie
Barbie toy, usually there's where
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there's one Barbie, there's
more than one Barbie.
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And so you talk about different
different Barbies, right?
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Then we have generic reference.
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Generic reference can be
both definite and indefinite.
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Most of it nonspecific.
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So this is going to be, you
know, kind of talking about the
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the typical features
of of whole class.
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So the SO we have an example.
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They say exercise keeps you healthy.
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We've got your 00 article here
because exercise is mass noun.
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This is not countable noun here, it's
exercise can also be accountable now because
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you do different exercises when
you go to the gym, for example.
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But exercise is also treated as
a as mass down sometimes so.
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So we're being nonspecific here with
with the type of exercise, for example.
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And then we've got specific reference
to this and these are definite.
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So when we're talking about single
entities or limited number of entities,
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so when we're narrowing down our
class, then we have something like, you
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know, the young whale
came back this morning, OK.
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So we're narrowing down
this class of all all whales
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to this, this one particular young whale.
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So this is going to
be treated as definite.
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So when we want to have identifiable
reference, when we want to use our
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noun phrase to refer to something in
the real world that is identifiable,
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then we're going to use
this this definite article.
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It could be identifiable in
different ways through context.
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So the context surrounding the noun phrase,
the context and the rest of the conversation,
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or the text, or what what
what's being talked about.
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Then the noun phrase is
identifiable from that.
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This is often hard to do or often hard to
visualise when we look at just individual noun
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phrases or just one sentence because
it doesn't have the context around it.
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Cotex is what we use when we talk about
textual context, so anaphora and cataphora,
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so things coming up before or
after that that fill in the context.
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For, for, for the noun phrase there there
could be, excuse me, situational context.
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So whatever kind of current
situation or place that the
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noun phrase is being used, and this is,.
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I mean intentionally abstract here, I'm not
talking necessarily about, you know, specific
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place like you know, the building
on the University of US those campus.
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Instead, I'm talking about the.
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Well, we could use the building on the
University of Avascular Campus and what that
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implies that that is university
building and and all that implies there.
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Or we could talk about, you know, in the
classroom and and the kind of sociolinguistic
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factors involved in language that
gets used in the classroom, right.
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Not just the actual physical
space of the classroom.
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That makes sense for you there.
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There's also associated linguistic
factors from from other contexts.
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And then we could use the definite
article and have identifiable reference
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for the noun phrase based
on broader social context.
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So if there's current things to do with
society or the world, some kind of general world
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knowledge, then then the with
the definite article gets used
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there.
So let's take look at some examples.
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Ohh, here's our here's
our new car example.
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This is what I was talking about, so
we're going to say it here as well.
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OK, we can split things up to be
singular, plural or mass or uncountable.
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Let's start with singular here.
I've bought new car.
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This is indefinite, but it's specific.
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So you don't know what
new car I've bought.
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But if I've already bought the car, then
there is specific car that was bought.
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So this is specific here.
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It's indefinite because you
don't know which one it is.
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It's not identifiable to you, so
we use this indefinite article here.
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On the other hand, if we say I
need new car, then this is like
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what we saw earlier with
Was it hot chocolate?
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I think so.
Now it's nonspecific.
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I'm not referring to a
specific car in the real world.
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Umm, then we go on to plural.
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I've got some friends in London,
similar to here to new card.
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So this is indefinite, but specific.
I'm I these friends.
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I've already already have these friends.
I don't need to make these friends.
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I've already made these friends.
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They're they're indefinite to you.
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You don't know who they are.
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They're my friends in London,
but they're specific to me.
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I know who they are.
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We could also have, though I've got
friends in London, so this is indefinite.
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This is also kind of nonspecific.
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I'm not actually pointing out particular
group as I am with this some friends here.
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Then if we go on to our uncountable or
mass downs, I managed to find some work.
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Again, this is something that I I
have done, and it's particular here,
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certain certain job,
and being specific here.
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If we haven't managed to find work now, we're
being indefinite and nonspecific as well.
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So think about this because this
gets little bit tricky when we
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when we want to look at
language in the real world.
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We could have non existent
specific example here.
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I heard dog barking this morning.
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Semantically indefinite, nonspecific.
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A dog barking this morning, it's.
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We're treating it here as as
indefinite and nonspecific, although
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of course and there was a
certain dog barking there.
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We can also sometimes things
are ambiguous here as well.
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So she is going to marry a
marquee and then somebody
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replies Aramark Marquis, which marquee?
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And the answer, you
know any marquee, right?
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So it's it's kind of ambiguous
whether it's specific or not.
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It's specific in the sense that that she's
going to marry marquee, but nonspecific
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in the sense that it doesn't
matter which marquee it is.
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Just has to be marquee, right?
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Like I'm going to marry a
Norwegian girl, I guess.
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Potentially any.
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Wilmington, Norway then that's what,
that's who's going to be married.
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It's ambiguous here with
the specific specificity.
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There's more examples in
our book that we can look at.
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Sometimes things also don't
necessarily kind of match up nicely
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with our description of specificity here.
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So from the TV we've got, I saw
the vicar in the Crown last week and
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then the response is what
would vicar be doing there?
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The first person is being specific here.
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I saw the vicar in the Crown last
week, so it's recoverable from context.
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The person speaking knows that.
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The person listening knows which
vicar is being talked about.
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However, the person listening answers
with what would vicar be doing there.
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So not only the vicar that's that's under
discussion, the one that they can both
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identify in the real world and so and
treated as specifically, but sort of any
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old vicar, what would any
old, any vicar be doing there?
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So it's treated as non specific there.
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So yes, so things can be
a little bit tricky when
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we start looking at real language use.
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Umm, can we do exercise 3?
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Or maybe we should go over to the
booklet for just second before
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we do that and then spend some
time doing exercise three and I can
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come visit groups and and
we can do those things.
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Sound good?
Let's pause the recording here.
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